In ACI 318-14 (“Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete”), the length of anchor bolts embedded in concrete is governed primarily by requirements related to development of strength, pullout resistance, breakout strength, and concrete cover.
The anchor bolt design must satisfy both steel strength and concrete failure modes under tension and shear forces.
📏 Key Points About Anchor Bolt Length Requirements (ACI 318-14)
1. Minimum Embedment Length
For cast-in-place anchor bolts, the minimum effective embedment depth (hefh should be at least:
hef ≥ 4 × bolt diameter
2. Embedment Depth for Tension Strength
As per ACI 318-14, Chapter 17 (Anchoring to Concrete):
- For tension-controlled anchors (e.g., column baseplates), the required embedment must develop either:
- Steel tensile strength of the anchor (using ultimate stress futaf_{uta}futa)
- Concrete breakout strength
- Pullout strength
- Side-face blowout strength
Whichever is minimum governs the design.
3. Development Length for Headed Stud Anchors
For headed anchors, per ACI 318-14 Section 17.5.2.1:
- Minimum embedment depth must be:
hef ≥ 8da
where:
- da = Anchor shaft diameter.
🔹 Example:
If anchor diameter da=20 mm
then minimum hef=8×20=160 mm
4. Additional Provisions
- Concrete cover: Minimum edge distance of 1.5 × bolt diameter is recommended.
- Spacing: Center-to-center bolt spacing generally ≥ 3 × bolt diameter.
- Headed vs. Hooked Bolts: Hooked bolts require greater embedment compared to headed bolts.
- Shear Considerations: If the anchor carries shear load, design also needs to check concrete breakout and pryout strength.
📊 Summary Table – Approximate Practical Values
| Anchor Bolt Size | Recommended Minimum Embedment (Practical) |
|---|---|
| M16 (5/8″) | 150 mm to 200 mm |
| M20 (3/4″) | 175 mm to 250 mm |
| M24 (1″) | 200 mm to 300 mm |
| M30 (1-1/4″) | 250 mm to 400 mm |
(Actual design must be based on load calculations and code checking.)
✅ Conclusion
According to ACI 318-14, anchor bolt length (embedment) must ensure both steel strength and concrete strength criteria are satisfied. While minimum embedments provide starting guidance, actual required length must be based on full structural and concrete strength analysis.
👉 Proper detailing ensures safety, durability, and performance in structural anchorage design
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