Understanding load combinations is essential for structural safety and serviceability. The Eurocodes (EN 1990 to EN 1999) provide a unified set of standards for structural design in Europe. Below is a detailed point-wise guide for load combinations as per Eurocode EN 1990 – Basis of Structural Design.
✅ 1. What are Load Combinations?
- Load combinations refer to the realistic possible scenarios of various loads (actions) acting together on a structure.
- They help determine the worst-case and serviceability conditions a structure might face.
✅ 2. Categories of Loads (Actions)
Eurocode classifies loads as:
- Permanent actions (G): Self-weight, fixed equipment, etc.
- Variable actions (Q): Live loads (imposed loads), wind, snow, etc.
- Accidental actions (A): Explosion, impact, vehicle collision, etc.
- Seismic actions (AE): Earthquake effects.
- Prestressing actions (P): From tendons or cables.
✅ 3. Types of Limit States
- Ultimate Limit State (ULS): Ensures safety against collapse.
- Serviceability Limit State (SLS): Ensures comfort, usability, durability.
✅ 4. Partial Safety Factors (γ Factors)
Defined in EN 1990 – Annex A:
| Action Type | γ for ULS | γ for SLS |
|---|---|---|
| Permanent (G) | 1.35 | 1.0 |
| Variable (Q) | 1.5 | 1.0 |
| Accidental (A) | 1.0 |
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